Antinomy

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  • The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy – Bacon and Descartes

    Two towering figures stand at the dawn of modern philosophy: Francis Bacon and René Descartes. Each laid foundational principles for how we approach knowledge—one through empiricism, the other through rationalism. Bacon and empirism Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was a key figure in shaping the scientific method, which we still use today. In his most important work,…

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    Portrait of a man in a tall hat

  • From Magic to Mechanics: The Scientific Revolution and the Modern Mind

    The modern era has given us many powerful theories that continue to shape science, philosophy, religion, and our understanding of the world. It’s in this time that we also see the birth of new political ideas that influence society even today. This period, beginning around the 17th century, marks a dramatic shift from medieval thinking—where…

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    Galileo stands in front of Roman clergy

  • Communicative Action: Habermas’s Alternative to Instrumental Reason

    How Habermas developed a theory of communication that offers an alternative to purely strategic or instrumental rationality, showing how mutual understanding through dialogue provides a foundation for social coordination that neither materialist nor idealist philosophies adequately address.

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    A suited philosopher talks

  • The Public Sphere: Habermas and the Architecture of Democracy

    Exploring Habermas’ influential concept of the public sphere as the social space where citizens engage in critical debate about common concerns, and how this idea illuminates both the possibilities and challenges of democratic discourse in our digital age.

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  • Logical Atomism: Breaking Reality into Fundamental Facts

    Examining Russell’s attempt to identify the basic building blocks of reality through logical analysis, and how this approach influenced analytic philosophy’s development.

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  • The Bundle Theory of Self: Hume’s Radical View of Personal Identity

    How Hume’s empiricism led him to the startling conclusion that the self is merely a bundle of perceptions with no underlying substance, challenging our deepest intuitions.

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  • Naturalism: Philosophy in Harmony with Science

    An overview of philosophical naturalism’s commitment to continuity with scientific understanding and its challenge to supernatural or transcendent explanations.

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  • The Private Language Argument: Why Meaning Must Be Public

    Unpacking Wittgenstein’s argument that a truly private language is impossible, and why this matters for our understanding of mind, meaning, and shared reality.

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  • Russell’s Theory of Descriptions: How Logic Transformed Philosophy

    Exploring how Russell’s seemingly technical solution to referential puzzles fundamentally changed our understanding of language, meaning, and philosophical methodology.

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  • Beyond Appearances: The Noumenon-Phenomenon Distinction

    How Kant’s division between things-in-themselves and things-as-they-appear revolutionized epistemology and set the stage for two centuries of philosophical development.

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  • The Problem of Induction: Hume’s Challenge to Scientific Certainty

    Examining Hume’s devastating argument that our belief in cause and effect lacks rational justification, and how this skeptical insight continues to challenge our understanding of scientific knowledge.

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  • Language Games: Wittgenstein’s Revolution in Understanding Meaning

    How Wittgenstein transformed philosophy by showing that language derives meaning not from abstract reference but from its practical use in various “language games” embedded in our forms of life.

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